- Conventional operation with long trains, stopping at every long-distance station
- Train composition is not changed during trip
- Trains are not virtually coupled (standard mechanical coupling)
Operation
- Conventional operation with long trains (usually 12-14 wagons)
- Trains need to stop at every station
Challenges
- Limited capacity (platform length limits train length)
- Longer travel times (trains have to stop at every station)
- Less direct connections, more transfers (with transfer risk)
- Timetable possibilities limited by train headways